Published by Amma Birago:
... People's movements in Africa have always lacked their own, i.e. African ideology...[and they] have generally taken the form of passive resistance, frequently lacked aggressive power. ... From that perspective it may well be that nowhere is there more talk about change than in Africa. Yet, within Africa, few can really trigger change. Herein lies the great agony of Africa's popular sentiments.... To describe people's movements in Africa it is necessary to recognise their under-lying attitude, which is one of active waiting and active hope.... To outlive the repression, in its various forms, is to gain victory. Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa - Terence O. Ranger.
Ritual Activism; The case for Fela Kuti and Black Africa by Amma Birago
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